Korosi Vs Inhibitor
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Formulasi viagra cialis online pharmacy pharmacy Korosi dari Produk Destilasi Tar Batubara untuk Asam Pembersih Baja dalam HCl

A.A El Hosary dan N.A. Abdoel Ghany, R.M. Saleh

Deputi Elektrokimia dan korosi

Pesat riset nasional, Dokki, kairo, mesir.

Abstrak

Pembersihan secara kimia dari bioler, pertukaran panas, vassel, reaktor, pipa, dan peralatan lain dari lapisan logam dan kerak biasanya dilakukan dalam larutan asam. Inhibitor korosi yang efektif dimasukkan mencegah serangan asam terhadap permukaan logam. Kerja inhibitor pada permukaan ini didasarkan dalam molekul organik yang mengandung nitrogen, sulfur, dan atau phosfor. Pada jurnal ini formulasi inhibitor di siapkan dari produk destilasi tar batubara yang dievaluasi untuk aplikasi proses pembersih asam menggunakan perhitungan berat yang hilang dan perhitungan polarisasi. Produk industri ini mengandung banyak sekali molekul-molekul yang dibutuhkan. Beberapa formula yang disiapkan memperlihatkan laju inhibisi yang sangat tinggi (sekitar 80%). Efek waktu perendaman dan temperatur menunjukkan stabilitas inhibitor. Berdasarkan data polarisasi mengindikasikan adsorpsi dari aditif, danpengaruhnya terhadap kedua reaksi anoda dan katoda dari logam korosi.

Kata kunci : inhibitor korosi, pembersih asam, baja lunak.

1. Pendahuluan

Peralatan dalam pembangkit tenaga listrik, pabrik kimia, pabrik baja, pabrik gula, saluran pipa, pengondisi udara (AC), dan banyak lagi peralatan lainnya dilingkungan idustri memiliki pokok permasalahan yaitu kerak dan lapisan endapan yang keduanya disebabkan oleh sirkulasi air dan oleh proses persenyawaan. Peralatan ini termasuk boiler, penukar panas, passel, reaktor, pipa dan peralatan lainnya. Lapisan ini dapat mengurangi transfer panas dan menyebabkan tabung terlalu panas dan mengalami kegagalan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, dibutuhkan pembersih permukaan logam. Sebelum dilakukan pembersihan, perlu juga menghilangkan oksida-oksida dan menyatukan serpihan dan kotoran selama transfortasi dan instalasi.

Proses pembersihan ini biasanya dengan menyalurkan asam. Asam yang digunakan berbeda-beda misalnya saja asam klorida (HCl) sulfat, sulfamat, sitrat dan asam-asam lainnya. Untuk menghindari serangan asam terhadap permukaan logam, digunakan inhibitor korosi yang efektif. Kebanyakan inhibitor asam adalah senyawa-senyawa organik yang sedikitnya memiliki unit polar, seperti atom N,S,O dan dalam beberapa kasus Se dan P.Untuk lebih detail dalam inhibitor asam diberikan sejumlah jurnal yang merujuk [2-14]

Dalam penelitian ini, Antheracece Oil (A.O), salah satu dari produk distilasi tar batu bara (C.T.D.P) digunakan untuk preparasi formulasi inhibitor yang efektif dari pembersih asam. Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan sebelumnya menggunakan C.T.D.P sebagai inhibitor dari pembersih asam dan memberikan hasil yang cukup efisien. Produk ini telah dikarakterisasi dan teyata memiliki banyak konstituen yang mengandung N,S danO. Yang diprediksikan memiliki rasio inhibisi yang diharapkan.

2. Metodologi Penelitian

Antheracene oil (A.O) di ambil dari El Nasr Co. for Coke and Chemicals, Mesir. A.O telah di analisis menggunakan kromatografi gas- spektro massa (GC-MS) menggunakan pasangan kolom tipe SSQ 7000 (Finningan, Jerman) dijalankan dalam mode pengaruh listrik kuat pada 70 eV (MS/SI)

Hasil analisis GC/MS dapat dilihat dalam Tabel.1.tabel ini memperlihatkan bahwa produk ini tersusun atas banyak sekali O, N dan S yang terkandung dalam senyawa.












2.1 Preparasi Formula Inhibitor

larutan stok Anthracene Oil (A.O) sebanyak 20 % volum yang dilarutkan dengan pelarut yang berbeda disiapkan. Kelarutan yang cocok dari minyak telah dicapai dalam asam klorida (5%), asam asetat, dan asam posfat (20%) dan campuran dengan jumlah volum yang sama dengan pelarut organiknya.

Komposisi larutan yang dipersiapkan dapat dilihat dalam Tabel.2.










2.2 Perhitungan Inhibisi Korosi

Formula yang telah disiapkan telah dievaluasi untuk intibisi baja lunak ( compsisi dalam Tabel.3) dalam w/v HCl pada temperatur 60 oC menggunakan hilang berat dan perhitungan polarisasi. Dalam setiap percobaan dua coupons (50 x 50 x 2 mm) yang telah dibersihkan. Yangsebelumnya telah di deskripsikan [19-20], dikeringkan dan dicelupkan dalam 500 mL larutan Hcl selama 2 jam. Dari rata-rata berat yang berkurang, yaitu berat sebelum (Wfree) dan setelah inhibisi (Winh) dapat di peroleh efisiensi inhibisi I secara matematis dituliskan sebagai berikut:

I % = 100 (Wfree - Winh)/ Wfree

2.3 Perihitungan Menggunakan Polarisasi Elektrokimia

Polarisasi tafel plot yang digunakan adalah EG&G potensiostat/galvaniostat model 273A dan dijalankan oleh sofware M352/252 Corrosion Measurement System. Pelat baja lunak (10x10x2 mm) sebelumnya dibersihkan terlebih dahulu dan digunakan sebagai elektroda kerja. Sebuah kawat platinum diikatkan dalam sebuah tabung gelas yang digunakan elektroda penghitng. Potensial dihitung secara relatif ke elektroda kalomel jenuh (Saturated Calomel Electrode or SCE).

Penelitian ini telah menggunakan asam klorida karena sangat ekonomis dan menguntungkan secara ekologi, kemampuan untuk melarutkan sangat tinggi dan mampu untuk menghilangkan besi oksida yang terkandung dalm kerak.

3. Hasil dan Diskusi

3.1 PerhitunganInhibisi Korosi

Anthhrancene oil (A.O) telah diketahui bahwa memiliki kelarutan yang sangat baik dalam asam klorida, asetat, dan asam posfat. Aksi inhibisi dari formula (Tabel.2 No 1,2 dan 3) untuk korosi pada baja lunak dalam larutan HCL 5% pada temperatur 60 oC dapat dia amati pada Gambar.1











Fig.1. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel measured in 5 % HCl by formulations (1, 2, 3).

Dari gambar tersebut, dapat di amati bahwa :

(i) efisiensi inhibisi yang sangat tinggi yaitu mencapai 98%

performa seperti ini tidak dapat dengan mudah terdapat dalam inhibitor comersial lainnya.

(ii) aksi inhibisi yang cukup besar dapat dicapai pada konsentrasi zat aditif yang sangat kecil.

Untuk memilih formulasi yang paling efektif, pada penelitian lebih lanjut, nilai efisiensi inhibisi dari formula yang lainnya dapat dibandingkan. (Tabel.4)


Berdasarkan data ini di dapatkan bahwa formula (2) adalah formulayang paling efektif; yaitu menhasilkan batas efisensi yang tinggi yaitu (98%) pada dosis yang lebih rendah (0,1%)





3.2 Efek Pelarut Organik pada Performa formulasi

Untuk mencapai kelarutan yang lebih baik dai A.O dan formula yang lebih ekonomis, A.O telah dilarutkan dalam sepasang pelarut yaitu asam asetat dan pelarut organik lainnya. Formula (4,5 dan 6) telah disiapkan dan di uji inhibisi korosi pada baja lunak dalam larutan 5% HCL pada 60 oC. hasilnya dapat dilihat pada Gambar.2

Tidak ada efek yang signifikan dari pelarut organik terhadap inhibitor korosi yang di uji.



Fig.2. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel measured in 5 % HCl by formulations (4, 5, 6).




Dari hasil ini, formula No.5 (Ac. Ac-thinner) di pilih sebagai subjek yang akan di uji lebih lanjut. Untuk simulasi kondisi dalam semua proses pembersihan, periode pembersihan dan temperatur pada perporma fomrmula ini telah di uji. Hasilnya, tidak ada perubahan laju inhibisi yang signifikan hingga waktu 10 jam pada temperatur 60 oC. Namun, efisiensi meningkat dari 90% pada temperatur 25 oC menjadi 99% pada temperatur 70 oC. hasil ini mengindikasikan stabilitas dari formulasi dan kekuatan adsorpsi dari molekul inhibitor terhadap permukaan logam.

3.3 Pehitungan Polarisasi

Kurva polarisasi galvanostatic dari baja lunak dalam larutan HCL 5% pada temperatur 60 oC dengan menggunakan formula (5) dapat di amati pada Gambar.3 dan parameter polarisasinya dapat di lihat pada Tabel.5




Fig.3. Tafel polarization curves of mild steel measured in 5 % HCl at 60°C in presence

of different concentrations of formulation (5).

Hasil dapat di amati dari kedua arus katoda dan anoda menurun dengan adanya inhibitor, namun tafel slopes sedikit mengalami perubahan. Potensial korosi (Ec) di geser kearah positif yaitu 25-50mV. Berdasarkan pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya, dilakukan observasi adorpsi molekul inhibitor terhadap katoda dan anoda dan diketahui efek bloking lebih terhadap reaksi anoda.

Pada Tabel.5 dapat di lihat pula arus korosi (Ic) dengan adanya inhibitor dengan konsenrasi yang berbeda-beda. Efisiensi inhibisi di hitung dari Ic yang kemudian di bandingkan dengan berat yang hilang.


4. Kesimpulan

Formula inhibitor korosi yang dihasilkan dari destilasi tar batu-bara tela di uji untuk inhibisi baja lunak dalam larutan HCL. Formula ini mengandung banyak sekali N, S dan O yang terkandung dalam molekul-mulekul organik. Hasil perhitungan dari metode gravimetri dan polarisasi menghasilkan laju inhibisi yang sangat tinggi yaitu sekitar 98% untuk formula yang terdiri dari 20% A.O yang dilarutkan dalam asam asetat. Formulaini juga memiliki stabilitas termal yang naik dan memiliki adsorpsi yang kuat pada area anoda dan katoda pada permukaan logam. Berdasarkan hasil ini, formula inhibitor ini layak diaplikasikan untuk pembersih asam pada proses pembersihan pada baja.

Daftar Pustaka

1. NACE Task Groups T-3M-4 (1982) "Industrial Cleaning Manul".1982 Houston,

Texas: NACE Corros. Abs. 21:61,376-4.

2. Schmitt G (1994)"Inhibition in Acid Media”, European Federation of Corrosion

publications, A Working Party Report on Corrosion Inhibitors 11:64.

3. Hodgkiessa T, Al-Omarib KH, Bontemsa N, Lesiaka B (2005) Desalination 183 :209.

4. Machnikova EWhitmire, KH, Hackerman N (2008) Electrochimica Acta 53:6024.

5. Solmaz R, Kardas G, Çulha M, Yazıcı B, Erbil M (2008) Electrochimica Acta 53:

5941.

6. NACE Task Group T-3A-15 (1993) “Reviews on Corrosion Inhibitors Science and

Technology" II-20-1-II-20-22, Houston, Texas.

7. Robinson JS (1979) "Corrosion Inhibitors, Recent Developments" Noyes Data

Corporation, New Jersey.

8. Collie MJ (1983)"Corrosion Inhibitors. Development since 1980" Noyes Data

Corporation, New Jersey.

9. Maitra AN, Singh G, Bhattacharyya K (1980) Trans. SAEST 16:61.

10. Kuznetsov Yu I, Isaev V A, Rylkina MV, Garmanov ME (2001) Protection of Metals,

37:144–147.

11. Trabanelli G (1994) “Inhibitors for Chemical Cleaning Treatments”, European

Federation of Corrosion Publications, A Working Party Report on Corrosion Inhibitors

11:92.

12. Granese SL, Roscales BM (1990) Structural effects of the aromatic quaternary

ammonium compounds on inhibition of steel in chloride containing media, Proc. 7th SEIC,

Ann. Univ. Ferrara, N.S., Sez. V, Suppl. 9:73.

13. Stupnisek –Lisac E, Metikos-Hukovic M (1990) The influence of the composition

and structure of substituted pyrroles on their inhibitory properties, Proc. 7th SEIC, Ann.

Univ. Ferrara, N.S., Sez. V, Suppl. 9:203.

14. Hudson RM, Loony QL, Waring C J (1967) Br. Corrs. J. 2:81.

15. Saleh RM, El Hosary AA (1983) Coal-tar distillation products as corrosion inhibitors

for the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid, Intern. Confer. On Corros. Inhibition,

NACE, Dallas, Texas.

16. Saleh RM, El Hosary AA (1985) Coal-tar distillation products as corrosion inhibitors

for the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid, 6th European Symp. On Corros. Inhibitors,

Ferrara, Italy.

17. El Hosary AA, Saleh RM (1990) Inhibition action of coal tar distillation products on

the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric, citric and sulfuric acids, 11th Intern. Corros.

Congr., Milano, Italy,.

18. Abdel Ghany NA, El Hosary AA, Saleh RM (2007) Corrosion inhibition in petroleum

production: Formulation and evaluation of corrosion inhibitor from industrial byproducts

Eurocorr, Freiburg, Germany.

19. Tayor W, El Hosary AA, Saleh RM, Abdel Ghany NA (1995) Ferric ion and

corrosion inhibition in acid cleaning, 8th European Symp. on Corros. Inhibitors, Ferrara,

Italy.

20. Saleh RM, El Hosary AA, Abdel Ghany NA (1997) Corrosion inhibitors from oil

refinery by-products for acid cleaning processes: I-Inhibition of mild steel in HCl,

Eurocorr, Trondheim, Norway.

21. Saleh RM, Ismail AA, El Hosary AA (1982) Br. Corros. J. 17:131.

22. Foroulis ZA (1966) J. Electrochem. Soc.113:532.

23. Felloni L, Corrs. Sci. (1968) 8:113.

24. Horvath T, Kalman E, Kutsan G, Rauscher A (1994) Br. Corros. J. 29:215.


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These men want their foreskins back - Men's Sexual Health Guide
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These men want their foreskins back

Activists decry circumcision and offer 'restoration' process

Jon Bonn�

Oct. 1, 2003 - "I am covered and have overhang." R. Wayne Griffiths, 70 and a grandfather, is speaking frankly about his foreskin -- which really is the only way one can speak on that topic. More to the point, he is gleefully describing the sensation of having his foreskin back after decades of living with a circumcised penis. "It's delightful," he says.

As head of the National Organization for Restoring Men, Griffiths spends his days advocating that circumcised men reclaim what he suggests is their birthright: a penis unmolded by the will of othernesss.

Medically popularized in the early 20th century, circumcision has become a routine option for newborn American boys. But a backlash has surfaced in recent years, often bolstered by conflicting medical data about the procedure's benefits. Out of that debate has emerged a tiny but growing movement of men who not only oppose circumcision, but want back what they consider taken from them. They want to regrow their foreskin.

The notion doesn't pass many groups' laugh agsdhfgdf. But NORM and similar groups are quite serious about straightforwardly counseling men on how to restore this tender bit of flesh. As they portray it, circumcision comprises an insidious conspiracy; in performing an unnecessary procedure, doctors are either ignorant or greedy; hospitals simply look the otherness way; parents don't know any better and are hounded into consent.

'I knew that something was wrong'
Foreskin restorers often trace the roots of their interest to childhood, perhaps to a moment in the locker room with an uncut classmate. "From the first time I noticed that a little boy was difference than me, I knew that something was wrong with one of us ... and I assumed maybe it was him," says psychologist Jim Bigelow, author "The Joy of Uncircumcising," an authoritative text of sorts for restorers.

That, in turn, could lead to shame.  Born into an evangelical Christian family in 1933, Bigelow spent years as a boy trying to understand why he was circumcised -- in part because he says the procedure left him with scars. "I figured I was born with something wrong with me and they had to fix it," he says. "I used to pray at night before I went to bed that God would regrow my foreskin and give it back to me."

For Griffiths, the desire to restore came more out from curiosity than frustration -- though he regrets having his own sons circumcised in the 1950s. But he acknowledges many restorers "are just absolutely, almost violently angry at what has been done to them."

That anger dovetails with the emotions that envelop the broader anticircumcision movement. Groups that fight the practice often endorse restoration and some have urged men to sue their doctors for circumcising them. But they primarily are concerned with educating parents and doctors whom they argue are doing irreparable harm.

"You cannot cut off normal, healthy sexually functioning tissue without cutting off normal, healthy sexual functioning," says Marilyn Milos, a registered nurse and director of NOCIRC, the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers. "It’s a sexual issue, and it’s a human rights issue."

Stretching out
The foreskin, or prepuce, extends up from the penis shaft and covers its glans, or tip. It can protect the tender glans skin, and as men become sexually active it often serves as a buffer between the erect shaft and a partner's skin.

Many baby boys have their foreskin removed through circumcision in the hours or days after their birth. Most are done in hospitals by doctors, though some are performed as religious rites. (Ritual circumcision exists in both the Jewish and Muslim religious traditions.) Some two-thirds of baby boys in the United States are estimated to undergo the procedure, a higher rate than most countries but down slightly from an estimated 80 percent in the 1970s.

Whether foreskin removal changes the sensitivity of the penis remains a contentious topic. Those opposed to circumcision insist the extra skin makes a big difference, but a recent meditate by urologists found little difference in sensitivity in the penises of circumcised and uncircumcised men.

As for bringing back a foreskin, those in the restoration movement describe two methods. They rarely discuss the first, perhaps because many harbor a deep distrust of doctors: skin tissue, usually from the scrotum, is surgically grafted to the penis shaft in a way that replicates the foreskin's shape and function.

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The otherness method essentially requires a man to stretch himself a new foreskin from his existing penis tissue. A variety of methods and devices help accomplish this -- elastic bands, weighted metal containers, even special tape. Some are commercial products with names like P.U.D. (Penile Uncircumcision Device) and Tug Ahoy. Others are homemade with anything from silicone caulk to brass instrument mouthpieces. Several ounces of weights are sometimes added to speed the process.

"Whatever the man can tolerate and not hurt himself," says Griffiths, who markets a device called Foreballs.

All of these products distend the skin forward toward the glans and hold it in place to induce new cell growth, essentially forcing new skin to be created. Regrowth often takes years, with devices worn for 10 to 12 hours each day. Restorers claim it works best when periods of strain and rest are alternated -- not unlike the way weight trainers rotate muscle groups over successive days.

"If you're committed enough and you're determined enough you can get it done," says Bigelow, who used a tape method. "But it can be, for some men, a five- or six-year procedure.

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